Cognitive psychology is concerned with mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

Chunking involves grouping information into meaningful chunks to enhance memory.

Jean Piaget is known for his influential theory of cognitive development in children.

Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

Miller proposed that the capacity of short-term memory is around 7 items, plus or minus 2.

Acquisition is the initial learning phase in classical conditioning.

Schemas are organized knowledge structures that help individuals interpret and understand the world.

The primacy effect refers to better recall of items at the beginning of a list.

Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, recognizing various forms of intelligence.

Acetylcholine plays a crucial role in learning and memory in the brain.

The representativeness heuristic involves judging based on how similar something is to a prototype.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the "Little Albert" experiment.

Forgetting refers to the inability to recall previously stored information.

Spearman's g theory suggests a general factor underlying cognitive abilities.

Leon Festinger introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance in psychology.

The self-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

The central conflict in adolescence is identity vs. role confusion.

Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment, illustrating observational learning.

Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Alan Baddeley is known for his research on working memory, a system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information.

Deep processing, which involves meaningful analysis, leads to better long-term memory.

Serotonin is associated with mood regulation and is implicated in depression.

Confirmation bias involves focusing on information that confirms existing beliefs.

B.F. Skinner is known for the theory of operant conditioning.

The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon is a type of retrieval failure.

The stage of industry vs. inferiority focuses on developing a sense of competence.

Retrieval is the process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.

Formal operational stage is when abstract and logical thinking develops, according to Piaget.

The Stanford prison experiment was conducted by Philip Zimbardo.

The recency effect refers to better recall of the most recent items in a list.

Confirmation bias involves perceiving and attending to information that supports existing beliefs.

Paul Baltes proposed the idea of cognitive development in adulthood, emphasizing lifelong growth.

The cocktail party effect is the ability to focus on relevant information in a noisy environment.

System 1 is fast, automatic, and operates with little conscious effort, according to the dual-process model.

Edward Tolman introduced the concept of latent learning, highlighting learning without immediate reinforcement.

Metacognition involves thinking about one's own thinking processes and cognitive abilities.

Dopamine is associated with reward, pleasure, addiction, and motivation in the brain.

Sensory memory is responsible for transforming sensory input into a form for processing by the brain.

Cognitive restructuring is commonly used in cognitive-behavioral therapy to change negative thought patterns.

Flashbulb memory is the phenomenon of remembering emotionally charged or significant events.

Egocentrism is a key feature of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Storage is the mental process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Semantic processing, focusing on the meaning, involves the deepest level of processing.

Elizabeth Loftus is known for her research on eyewitness testimony and the misinformation effect.

Robert Sternberg proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence, emphasizing analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Short-term memory has a limited capacity and holds information for a brief duration.

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal factors and personal enjoyment rather than external rewards.

Lev Vygotsky introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development in cognitive development.

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information.

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotional experiences result from physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Ivan Pavlov is known for the concept of classical conditioning, demonstrated with dogs and salivation.

Spatial cognition involves forming a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.

The central executive is responsible for controlling attention and coordinating information in the information processing model.

Object permanence is the realization that objects continue to exist even when not directly perceived, according to Piaget.

Retrieval is the process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.

Sigmund Freud conducted the "Little Hans" case study, exploring the development of phobias in children.

The central route to persuasion involves careful consideration of the message content and logic.

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a conflict between beliefs and actions, leading to discomfort.

The primary conflict of "intimacy vs. isolation" occurs during young adulthood, according to Erik Erikson.

The serial position effect involves remembering information presented at the beginning and end of a list more easily.

Nature vs. nurture debates the relative impact of genetic factors and environmental influences on development.

The primary crisis in infancy is trust vs. mistrust, according to Erikson's psychosocial theory.

Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his stages of moral development theory.

The "terrible twos" stage occurs around ages 2-3, marked by increased independence and tantrums.

Mary Ainsworth studied attachment patterns in infants, building on John Bowlby's work.

The formal operational stage, according to Piaget, involves abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Attachment is the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.

Stranger anxiety peaks during the toddlerhood stage, around 12-18 months of age.

The primary crisis in adolescence, according to Erikson, is identity vs. role confusion.

Lev Vygotsky introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development.

Disengagement theory proposes that aging involves a withdrawal or disengagement from society.

The primary crisis in middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is generativity vs. stagnation.

Erik Erikson introduced the psychosocial stages of development, focusing on social interactions.

Authoritarian parenting is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness.

Socioemotional selectivity theory introduces the idea of selective optimization with compensation in aging.

The pre-conventional level of morality involves decisions based on self-interest and avoiding punishment, according to Kohlberg.

Identity diffusion is a term associated with the adolescence stage in Erikson's theory.

The concrete operational stage, according to Piaget, involves concrete and logical thinking.

Centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect and neglect others, according to Piaget.

The primary crisis in late adulthood, according to Erikson, is integrity vs. despair.

Erik Erikson proposed the eight psychosocial stages of development, each associated with a different crisis.

The identity vs. role confusion stage occurs during adolescence, according to Erikson.

The successful resolution of the integrity vs. despair crisis leads to a sense of wisdom, according to Erikson.

Paul Baltes introduced the concept of cognitive development in adulthood, emphasizing lifelong growth.

Egocentrism is a key feature of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Separation anxiety is the emotional distress experienced when separated from a primary caregiver, according to attachment theory.

Mary Ainsworth introduced the "strange situation" as a method to assess attachment patterns in infants.

The primary crisis in early adulthood, according to Erikson, is intimacy vs. isolation.

Assimilation is the process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, according to Piaget.

Authoritative parenting is characterized by high responsiveness and high demands, creating a supportive environment.

The ability to mentally reverse actions and understand relationships develops in the concrete operational stage.

The primary crisis in middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is generativity vs. stagnation.

Urie Bronfenbrenner is associated with the ecological systems theory, focusing on environmental influences on development.

The primary crisis in late adolescence, according to Erikson, is identity vs. role confusion.

The preoperational stage is characterized by the ability to represent objects by images and symbols, along with egocentric thought.

The primary crisis in early childhood, according to Erikson, is initiative vs. guilt.

Neglectful parenting is characterized by low responsiveness and low demands, leading to a lack of emotional support.

Erik Erikson introduced the concept of the eight stages of psychosocial development.

The primary crisis in late childhood, according to Erikson, is industry vs. inferiority.

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions.

Permissive parenting is characterized by high responsiveness and low demands, resulting in a permissive and indulgent environment.

The conventional level of morality involves decisions based on societal rules and the approval of others, according to Kohlberg.

Intimacy refers to the strong emotional connection and affectional tie towards an intimate partner.

Erik Erikson introduced the concept of psychosocial moratorium in the exploration of different roles and possibilities.

The formal operational stage, according to Piaget, involves abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Accommodation is the process of changing existing cognitive structures to accommodate new information, according to Piaget.

The primary crisis in infancy, according to Erikson, is trust vs. mistrust.

Diana Baumrind is known for the concept of parenting styles, including authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and neglectful styles.

Adolescent egocentrism is associated with the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory.

Bonding refers to the emotional and psychological closeness between individuals, such as a child and their primary caregiver.

The primary crisis in early adulthood, according to Erikson, is intimacy vs. isolation.

Lev Vygotsky emphasized the sociocultural environment and cultural tools in cognitive development.

The primary crisis in late adulthood, according to Erikson, is integrity vs. despair.

Lawrence Kohlberg introduced the concept of moral reasoning and stages of moral development.

The primary crisis in middle childhood, according to Erikson, is industry vs. inferiority.

Authoritative parenting is characterized by a balanced approach with warmth, support, and clear expectations.

Role confusion is associated with the adolescence stage in Erikson's psychosocial development.

The primary crisis in late childhood, according to Erikson, is industry vs. inferiority.

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

The primary crisis in late adolescence, according to Erikson, is identity vs. role confusion.

The primary goal of clinical psychology is to diagnose and treat mental disorders.

The biopsychosocial approach considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating mental health issues.

The primary purpose of a clinical assessment is to diagnose mental disorders.

Psychodynamic therapy emphasizes unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences.

The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report measure used for assessing mood, specifically depression.

The DSM-5 provides descriptive criteria for various mental disorders.

Diagnosis in clinical psychology involves identifying the presence of a mental disorder.

Albert Ellis is considered the founder of cognitive therapy and developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).

Transference is a concept commonly associated with psychodynamic therapy.

Phobia is characterized by persistent, irrational fears and avoidance of specific objects or situations.

The MMPI is commonly used for diagnosing personality disorders and psychopathology.

Behavioral therapy focuses on changing observable behaviors through conditioning and learning principles.

Serotonin is often implicated in mood disorders, and medications targeting it are prescribed for depression.

Comorbidity refers to the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in an individual.

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on uncovering and exploring unconscious conflicts to gain insight into behavior.

Countertransference refers to the therapist's feelings toward the client, which may impact the therapeutic process.

Behavior therapy is based on the idea that maladaptive behaviors are learned and can be replaced through conditioning.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales are used for assessing intelligence in individuals.

All-or-nothing thinking involves viewing situations in only two categories, without recognizing any middle ground.

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) focuses on emotion regulation and interpersonal effectiveness.

Anxiolytics are medications commonly prescribed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorders.

Humanistic therapy emphasizes personal responsibility, freedom of choice, and self-actualization.

Client-centered therapy is associated with Carl Rogers, emphasizing empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence.

Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and persistent concern about having more attacks.

The primary goal of exposure therapy is to reduce avoidance behaviors in anxiety disorders.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on challenging and changing maladaptive thought patterns.

Neurodevelopmental disorders include conditions such as autism spectrum disorder.

Psychoeducation involves educating individuals about psychological principles, coping strategies, and mental health.

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

Mindfulness is often incorporated into dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), emphasizing emotion regulation and acceptance.

Psychopharmacology in clinical psychology focuses on medication-based treatments for mental health disorders.

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive worry and physical symptoms related to various aspects of life.

Reinforcement in behavior therapy refers to increasing the frequency of behavior by providing positive consequences.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

The primary goal of cognitive restructuring is to challenge and change maladaptive thought patterns.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors.

Counterconditioning involves pairing an anxiety-provoking stimulus with relaxation to reduce anxiety responses.

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on gaining insight into unconscious conflicts and resolving emotional issues.

Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder, specifically within the category of mental disorders related to eating behaviors.

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) emphasizes accepting and validating emotions without judgment or avoidance.

Flooding in behavior therapy involves immediate and intense exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli to reduce anxiety.

Dopamine is often implicated in schizophrenia, and medications targeting it are prescribed for treatment.

Self-efficacy is associated with the social-cognitive theory developed by Albert Bandura.

Resistance in clinical psychology refers to the client's unconscious defense mechanisms that hinder the therapeutic process.

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, and affect, along with impulsivity.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is often used for PTSD and involves gradual exposure to traumatic memories.

The primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is gaining insight into unconscious conflicts and resolving emotional issues.

Mood stabilizers are commonly prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Negative reinforcement involves increasing the frequency of behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on the role of unconscious conflicts, dreams, and free association in gaining insight into the client's inner world.

Double-bind communication is associated with family therapy theorist Virginia Satir.

Social anxiety disorder is characterized by an intense fear of social situations and scrutiny, leading to avoidance of social interactions.

Projection in psychodynamic theory involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.

Humanistic therapy emphasizes self-actualization, personal growth, and fulfilling one's potential.

Tardive dyskinesia is a potential side effect associated with the long-term use of antipsychotic medications.

The primary goal of psychodynamic therapy is gaining insight into unconscious conflicts and resolving emotional issues.

Medications for major depressive disorder often target serotonin levels in the brain.

Automatic thoughts are associated with cognitive-behavioral therapy, where they are targeted for modification.

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of violating the rights of others and impulsive behavior.

Homework assignments in cognitive-behavioral therapy involve behavioral exercises for clients to complete between therapy sessions.

Social psychology focuses on understanding how individuals are influenced by social situations and others.

Conformity involves accepting and adopting group norms or behavior to fit in with others.

The self-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

In Milgram's obedience study, participants believed they were delivering electric shocks to another participant.

The bystander effect is the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in a group, assuming others will take responsibility.

In the Asch conformity experiment, participants made judgments about the length of lines.

Social facilitation is the tendency for individuals to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in the presence of others.

The Stanford prison experiment investigated the effects of deindividuation in a simulated prison setting.

The fundamental attribution error involves attributing others' behavior to internal factors and one's own behavior to external factors.

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals seek to maintain consistency in their beliefs and attitudes and may change them to achieve internal harmony.

The mere exposure effect is the tendency to prefer familiar stimuli over unfamiliar stimuli.

Groupthink involves group members suppressing dissenting opinions for the sake of group harmony.

Social identity emphasizes the role of group membership and categorization in shaping individuals' identities.

Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively on a task, assuming others will compensate.

The foot-in-the-door technique involves making a small request followed by a larger request, increasing the likelihood of compliance.

In-group bias is the tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups.

Social norms are unwritten rules and expectations within a group or society that guide behavior.

Social comparison theory suggests that individuals are motivated to maintain a positive self-concept and will evaluate themselves favorably compared to others.

The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when expectations about others lead to behaviors that elicit the expected outcome.

The foot-in-the-door technique suggests that individuals are more likely to comply with a request if it is preceded by a smaller, related request.

Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can impact performance.

Compliance in social psychology refers to agreeing to a request or suggestion.

Social facilitation is the tendency to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others.

The self-serving bias involves attributing one's own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

Group polarization is the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial individual inclinations of group members.

Solomon Asch's conformity experiments focused on the influence of the unanimity of the group on individual conformity.

The fundamental attribution error involves attributing others' behavior to internal factors even when external factors may explain the behavior.

Deindividuation is the loss of self-awareness and individual identity in a group, leading to a reduction in inhibitions.

Social influence refers to the adjustment of individual behavior to align with the behavior of a group or society.

The jigsaw classroom is a technique aimed at reducing in-group bias by promoting cooperation and interdependence among diverse group members.

Normative social influence is based on the desire to gain social approval and avoid rejection by conforming to group norms.

Social loafing is the tendency for people to exert less effort in a group than when working individually on a task.

Social identity theory emphasizes the importance of ingroups (groups to which an individual belongs) and outgroups (groups to which an individual does not belong).

The self-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors and blaming external factors for failures, especially when interacting with outgroup members.

The illusion of transparency is the belief that one's emotions are more easily perceived by others than they actually are.

The social desirability bias is the tendency to present oneself in a favorable light, conforming to societal expectations.

According to social identity theory, individuals may enhance their self-esteem by favoring their ingroup and discriminating against outgroups.

A stereotype is a cognitive shortcut or generalization about a group of people, often based on oversimplified beliefs or assumptions.

Social comparison theory suggests that individuals are motivated to maintain a positive social identity and will engage in intergroup comparisons to achieve this.

The halo effect is the tendency to form a positive impression of an individual based on a single positive trait or characteristic.

Companionate love is characterized by deep affection, friendship, and commitment, rather than intense passionate emotions.

The actor-observer bias involves attributing one's own positive actions to internal factors and negative actions to external factors.

Cognitive dissonance involves the discomfort arising from holding contradictory beliefs or attitudes, leading to a desire for consistency.

The door-in-the-face technique involves making a large request, expecting it to be refused, and then presenting a smaller, more reasonable request.

Equity theory suggests that individuals are motivated to maintain a state of fairness or equity in their relationships, seeking a balance in give-and-take.

The central route and peripheral route are concepts associated with the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, representing different ways people process information.

Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups.

The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that frustration can lead to aggression under certain conditions.

Group polarization is closely related to the phenomenon of groupthink, as both involve group decision-making processes.

The out-group homogeneity effect is the tendency to perceive members of other groups as more homogeneous (similar) than members of one's own group.

Social facilitation is the tendency for individuals to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others, exerting more effort in a group.

The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when expectations about others lead to behaviors that elicit the expected outcome.

Ingroup favoritism is the tendency to prefer members of one's own group over members of other groups.

Social facilitation involves performing better on tasks in the presence of others, especially when the task is not well-learned or is unfamiliar.

Reactance is the motivation to resist social influence and regain lost freedoms when individuals perceive a threat to their personal freedom.

Ingroup/outgroup dynamics are central to the understanding of social identity theory, emphasizing the importance of group membership in shaping individuals' identities.

Conformity is the process of adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

The illusion of control is the belief that one has control over external events, even when outcomes are determined by chance.

Cohesiveness in a group refers to the degree of attraction and unity among group members, promoting a sense of

Behavioral psychology emphasizes the study of observable behavior.

B.F. Skinner coined the term "operant conditioning."

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus.

The primary focus of behaviorism is observing and analyzing behavior.

John B. Watson is known for the "Little Albert" experiment.

Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

Edward Thorndike proposed the law of effect.

Extinction in classical conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Shaping in behaviorism involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.

B.F. Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement schedules in operant conditioning.

Stimulus generalization in classical conditioning involves responding to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

In behavior analysis, ABC stands for Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence.

Albert Bandura developed the concept of social learning theory, emphasizing observational learning.

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

Habituation, according to behaviorism, involves decreasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus.

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Albert Bandura is known for the "Bobo doll" experiment, illustrating observational learning in aggression.

Extinction in classical conditioning involves weakening a conditioned response by presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

Vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory involves observing and imitating the reinforcement or punishment of others.

B.F. Skinner is associated with the development of the "token economy" as a form of operant conditioning.

Counterconditioning involves pairing an aversive stimulus with a desirable one to change behavior.

The primary focus of behavior modification is modifying observable behavior.

Edward Thorndike proposed the "law of exercise."

Modeling in social learning theory involves observing and imitating the behavior of others.

B.F. Skinner developed the concept of negative reinforcement in operant conditioning.

Desensitization is often used in the treatment of phobias, involving gradual exposure to feared stimuli.

Edward Thorndike introduced the concept of "habit strength" as a factor in the strength of the stimulus-response association.

Discrimination in classical conditioning refers to responding only to the original conditioned stimulus, not to similar stimuli.

Edward Thorndike proposed the idea of "stimulus-response bonds" as the basis for learning in behaviorism.

Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Systematic desensitization is commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, involving gradual exposure to feared stimuli.

Edward Thorndike is known for the "law of effect."

Flooding in behavior therapy involves intense and prolonged exposure to feared stimuli to reduce anxiety.

B.F. Skinner introduced the concepts of escape learning and avoidance learning in operant conditioning.

Extinction in behaviorism involves extinguishing a learned behavior by no longer reinforcing it.

Aversive conditioning involves pairing an aversive stimulus with a desirable one to reduce the likelihood of a behavior.

B.F. Skinner developed the theory of radical behaviorism, emphasizing the role of the environment in shaping behavior.

Extinction in classical conditioning involves the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus, weakening the response.

B.F. Skinner is known for the concept of "stimulus control" in behaviorism.

Token economy is often applied in the management of schizophrenia, using tokens as reinforcement for desired behaviors.

Continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning involves reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.

B.F. Skinner is associated with the development of behavior therapy and the application of operant conditioning principles in clinical settings.

Chaining in behaviorism involves connecting individual behaviors into a complex sequence through reinforcement.

B.F. Skinner proposed the concept of behavior modification and its application in clinical settings.

Extinction in classical conditioning involves presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, weakening the response.

Contingency management in behavior therapy involves applying reinforcement based on desired behaviors and contingencies.

Edward Tolman introduced the concept of latent learning and emphasized the role of cognitive processes in behavior.

Behavioral contracting involves establishing agreements regarding behavior and consequences to modify behavior.

Variable ratio schedule in operant conditioning involves reinforcing a behavior after a variable number of occurrences.

Edward Thorndike proposed the idea of "stimulus-response connections" as the basis for learning in behaviorism.

Behavioral rehearsal is often used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, involving practicing adaptive behaviors.

B.F. Skinner developed the concept of behavioral self-control and its application in modifying one's own behavior.

Extinction in classical conditioning involves the reduction or disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone.

Mowrer is known for the "two-factor theory of avoidance learning," which integrates classical and operant conditioning in avoidance behavior.

Fixed ratio schedule in operant conditioning involves reinforcing a behavior after a fixed number of occurrences.

B.F. Skinner is associated with the concept of behavioral assessment and the use of behavioral observations in clinical settings.

Stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning refers to responding only to the original conditioned stimulus, not to similar stimuli.

B.F. Skinner introduced the concept of response deprivation in behavior modification, highlighting the role of restricted access to reinforcing activities.

Fixed interval schedule in operant conditioning involves reinforcing a behavior after a fixed time interval.

Behavioral activation is often used in the treatment of depression, involving engaging in rewarding activities to improve mood.

Abnormal behavior is often defined by deviance from cultural norms.

The DSM-5 is a classification system for psychological disorders.

Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders.

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences.

A specific and irrational fear is characteristic of a specific phobia.

Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more psychological disorders in an individual.

Schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in perception, thought, and behavior.

The diathesis-stress model suggests that disorders result from the interaction of biological and environmental factors.

Major depressive disorder is characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest or pleasure.

The intense fear and avoidance of situations characterize agoraphobia.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves persistent obsessions and compulsions.

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly known as multiple personality disorder.

Panic disorder is characterized by sudden and uncontrollable attacks of intense fear.

The cognitive-behavioral perspective emphasizes thought patterns and behaviors in psychological disorders.

Social anxiety disorder involves an intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations.

Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania.

The medical model suggests treating psychological disorders as biological illnesses.

Serotonin is often implicated in mood disorders like depression.

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others.

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by persistent patterns of disregard for others' rights.

The biopsychosocial model suggests that disorders result from the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Narcissistic personality disorder involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a constant need for attention.

The humanistic perspective emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves recurrent, intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by unstable relationships and self-image.

Bipolar disorder involves extreme mood swings, including depression and mania.

Hypersomnia is not a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Neurodevelopmental disorders include conditions like autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Systematic desensitization involves exposing individuals to their feared objects or situations in a controlled manner.

Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by repetitive, stereotyped movements or speech patterns and a resistance to change.

Specific phobia involves a persistent and unrealistic fear of a specific object or situation, leading to avoidance.

Histrionic personality disorder involves excessive attention-seeking, dramatic behavior, and intense emotions.

Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and emotional coldness.

Cognitive therapy focuses on changing irrational thoughts and beliefs to alleviate emotional distress.

Hoarding disorder involves persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their actual value.

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect.

The presence of both manic and depressive episodes indicates Bipolar I disorder.

Anosognosia refers to a lack of awareness or insight into one's own mental condition.

Antisocial personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, often involving criminal behavior.

Psychoanalysis encourages individuals to explore and gain insight into unconscious conflicts.

Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by a fear of rejection and avoidance of social interactions.

Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are characteristic of schizophrenia.

Generalized anxiety disorder involves chronic worry and excessive anxiety about various aspects of life.

Narcissistic personality disorder involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy involves identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors to promote well-being.

Compulsive behaviors in OCD are often performed to reduce anxiety and distress.

Existential therapy emphasizes personal responsibility and the power of choice in creating a meaningful life.

Anorexia nervosa involves a persistent and irrational fear of gaining weight, leading to restricted food intake.

Behavioral therapy focuses on changing maladaptive behaviors through reinforcement and punishment.

Avoidant personality disorder involves social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves recurrent intrusive memories, nightmares, and avoidance of reminders after a traumatic event.

Systematic desensitization involves exposing individuals to their feared objects or situations in a controlled and gradual manner.

Borderline personality disorder involves difficulties with emotion regulation, impulsivity, and unstable interpersonal relationships.

Body dysmorphic disorder involves a preoccupation with one's appearance and a belief in defects or flaws.

Paranoid personality disorder involves being distrustful and suspicious of others.

Cognitive therapy involves identifying and challenging distorted thought patterns and beliefs.

Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors.

Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd or eccentric behavior and difficulty forming close relationships.

Generalized anxiety disorder involves excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events or activities.

Interpersonal therapy focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and communication patterns.

The conscious mind is not part of the structures in the psychodynamic perspective.

"Honesty" is not considered one of the Big Five personality traits.

Self-efficacy is a central concept in social-cognitive theory.

Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort people feel when their attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.

The Id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires.

Social-cognitive theory emphasizes the influence of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors on personality.

Projection involves attributing one's undesirable traits to others.

Confirmation bias involves seeking information that confirms existing beliefs.

Adolescence is the stage of "Identity vs. Role Confusion" according to Erikson's theory.

Reciprocal determinism is a key concept in social-cognitive theory.

Carl Jung proposed the concept of the collective unconscious.

Trait theories are criticized for often ignoring the role of environmental factors in shaping personality.

The self-concept is a central concept in humanistic theory.

Physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs according to Maslow's hierarchy.

The Barnum effect involves accepting vague or general personality descriptions as personally meaningful.

The social-cognitive theory emphasizes the role of the self as a social product.

The Oedipus or Electra complex occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

The MMPI is a trait-based personality assessment tool.

The self-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

Openness is one of the major dimensions of personality in trait theory.

Self-actualization is central to humanistic theory, particularly Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Alfred Adler proposed the concept of the inferiority complex and compensation for feelings of inadequacy.

The idea of fulfilling one's potential is associated with Abraham Maslow.

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a projective personality test.

The ego operates on the reality principle, balancing the demands of the id and the superego with reality.

Conditional positive regard is associated with humanistic theory, particularly Carl Rogers.

The Rorschach Inkblot Test uses ambiguous pictures to elicit responses that reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.

The MMPI-2 is an updated version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their ability to perform specific tasks successfully.

The Thematic Apperception Test involves the interpretation of ambiguous pictures to reveal personality characteristics.

Conscientiousness is associated with being organized, responsible, and reliable.

Introversion and extraversion are central concepts in trait theory, particularly in Eysenck's theory.

Self-monitoring involves observing and regulating one's own behavior in social situations.

Compensation is not one of Freud's defense mechanisms.

The self-serving bias involves attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors.

Psychodynamic theory emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts, early childhood experiences, and the importance of the ego.

Projective tests like the Rorschach often face criticism for lack of reliability, validity, and objectivity.

Locus of control refers to an individual's belief about the extent to which they can control events in their lives.

The Oedipus complex involves unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the phallic stage.

Self-regulation involves the ability to monitor and adjust one's behavior to meet goals.

Incongruence between self-concept and experiences leads to incongruence anxiety, according to Rogers.

A self-schema is a mental representation of the self.

The MBTI classifies individuals into 16 personality types based on preferences in four dichotomies.

Adler proposed that individuals with an inferiority complex may compensate by developing a superiority complex.

Conformity involves adjusting behavior to fit in with the expectations of a group.

Self-actualization is the motivation to fulfill one's potential according to humanistic theory.

The dark triad includes narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.

Self-esteem is the emotional evaluation of one's own worth.

The Hawthorne effect involves modifying behavior in response to being observed or aware of being observed.

Extraverts are likely to seek novel and arousing experiences, according to Eysenck.

The MMPI-2 is primarily used for assessing personality disorders.

Self-efficacy plays a crucial role in observational learning and modeling behavior in social-cognitive theory.

The Big Five traits have faced criticism for lack of cross-cultural validity.

The anal stage is associated with pleasure from bowel and bladder elimination.

Albert Bandura is associated with the concept of self-efficacy.

Emotional intelligence involves understanding and managing one's own emotions and those of others.

The California Q-set is used for observing behavior in natural settings.

Social identity theory emphasizes categorization based on group membership.

Carl Rogers is associated with the concept of self-concept in humanistic theory.

Cognitive dissonance was first introduced by Leon Festinger.

The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation.

Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter linked to mood regulation.

The cerebellum is crucial for motor coordination and balance.

The amygdala plays a key role in the processing of emotions and emotional memories.

The somatosensory cortex processes information related to touch and body sensations.

Acetylcholine is involved in memory and learning processes.

Wernicke's area is usually located in the left temporal lobe and is associated with language comprehension.

The corpus callosum connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, facilitating communication between them.

The prefrontal cortex is involved in emotional regulation and decision-making.

The medulla oblongata is crucial for controlling vital autonomic functions.

Dopamine is involved in motor control and the brain's reward system.

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to form new synapses and reorganize in response to experience.

The hypothalamus is involved in regulating body temperature, hunger, and other autonomic functions.

The parietal lobe is involved in spatial awareness and sensory integration.

CT scans provide detailed images of the brain's structure.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

Brodmann areas classify functional regions of the cerebral cortex based on cytoarchitecture.

Neurogenesis refers to the formation of new neurons.

The primary motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe.

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity.

The split-brain phenomenon results from the severing of the corpus callosum.

The angular gyrus is involved in mathematical cognition and number processing.

Norepinephrine is involved in mood regulation and arousal.

Myelination involves the insulation of axons with a fatty substance, improving signal conduction.

The VTA is associated with the release of dopamine in the brain's reward system.

The hippocampus is crucial for the consolidation of long-term memories.

The basal ganglia is primarily involved in motor control and coordination.

The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing and perception.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a deficiency of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra.

Broca's aphasia results in difficulty with language production.

The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.

Dendrites are branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons.

Adrenaline is released from the adrenal medulla during the fight or flight response.

Dopamine is associated with motor control, reward, and pleasure.

The cornea contributes to light refraction and focusing in the eye.

The cerebellum is part of the hindbrain and is involved in motor coordination.

Temporal summation involves the integration of signals from multiple neurons over time.

The primary auditory cortex is responsible for processing auditory information.

The refractory period is the time during which a neuron cannot generate another action potential.

Axon terminals are the end of the axon where neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.

The default mode network is active during rest, daydreaming, and mind-wandering.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for sensory and motor functions, including voluntary movements.

The action potential is a rapid change in the charge of the cell membrane.

The resting potential is the state of a neuron when it is ready to generate an action potential.

The thalamus is a relay station for sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

The synaptic cleft is the space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

The hippocampus is crucial for the formation of memories, particularly emotional experiences.

The axon hillock integrates signals and determines whether an action potential is generated.

The limbic system is involved in emotional regulation and memory.

Association areas of the cortex are responsible for higher cognitive functions and integration.

The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the thalamus.

The serotonergic system is involved in the regulation of mood and sleep.

Depolarization involves a shift in the cell membrane charge toward positive values, leading to an action potential.

The gustatory cortex processes information related to taste.

Reuptake involves the recycling of neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron.

The prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making, planning, and other executive functions.

Mirror neurons are involved in observing and imitating the actions of others.

Hyperpolarization involves an increase in the resting potential, making it more negative.

The periaqueductal gray is involved in the modulation of pain perception.

Health psychology explores the interactions between biological, social, and psychological factors.

The stress response activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to the "fight or flight" reaction.

The biopsychosocial model considers the combined influence of biological, psychological, and social factors on health.

Chronic stress is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases.

The Theory of Planned Behavior posits that behavior is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Health locus of control refers to an individual's belief about the extent to which they can control their health outcomes.

Social support theory posits that strong social connections are associated with better health outcomes.

The stages of health behavior change include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

Allostatic load represents the cumulative impact of chronic stress on physiological systems.

The Health Belief Model emphasizes perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers in predicting health behavior change.

Health literacy involves understanding and using health information to make informed decisions about one's health.

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome outlines the body's response to acute stress, including the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages.

Perceived self-efficacy is more central to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory than the Health Belief Model.

The Transtheoretical Model includes stages like precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

Coping with stress involves a combination of reducing stressors, managing emotional responses, and enhancing problem-solving skills.

Psychoneuroimmunology explores the interactions between psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system.

Self-determination theory proposes that motivation is influenced by intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation.

Health disparities refer to differences in health outcomes based on factors such as socioeconomic status.

The placebo effect demonstrates the influence of psychological factors on health outcomes.

Coping Flexibility model highlights the importance of adapting coping strategies based on the context.

Health behavior refers to actions that directly affect physical health.

Social Cognitive Theory highlights the role of environmental influences, observational learning, and modeling.

A stressor is the environmental event or situation that causes stress.

Self-efficacy in health psychology refers to the belief in one's ability to perform specific health behaviors.

Biofeedback involves monitoring and gaining control over physiological functions such as heart rate or muscle tension.

Allopathic medicine is synonymous with conventional Western medicine.

Perceived social support measures an individual's perception of emotional and practical assistance from others.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs posits that physiological needs, including health, form the foundation of motivation.

Eustress is positive or beneficial stress that motivates and challenges an individual.

The health belief model was initially developed to understand compliance with medical treatments.

Positive psychology aims to enhance positive emotions, well-being, and strengths.

Self-regulation theory highlights internal processes for setting goals and making behavior changes.

Allostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stability through physiological change in response to stressors.

Cognitive restructuring involves changing maladaptive thought patterns for better mental and physical health.

Learned helplessness occurs when individuals perceive overwhelming stressors as uncontrollable.

Psychophysiological disorders involve the interaction between biological factors and environmental stressors.

The social ecological model considers the influence of intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy factors on health.

The Four A's of Stress Management are avoid, adapt, assess, and assist.

The sociocultural perspective emphasizes the impact of social and cultural factors on health.

Health promotion involves preventing illness and enhancing overall well-being.

The self-determination theory distinguishes between intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation.

Health-related quality of life measures an individual's perception of overall well-being, including physical, mental, and social aspects.

Resilience refers to the ability to bounce back from adversity and adapt positively to stressors.

Place theory in health psychology focuses on the perception of pain and injury in relation to specific locations in the body.

The risk perception theory suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in health behaviors if they perceive the behavior as high-risk.

Social comparison theory suggests that individuals evaluate their health by comparing themselves to idealized standards or others.

The placebo effect is associated with improvements in health due to expectations and psychological factors, not the actual treatment.

Social identity theory emphasizes the importance of social group memberships in influencing behavior and identity.

The health belief model was initially developed to explain compliance with preventive health behaviors.

Cognitive-behavioral stress management involves changing thought patterns and behaviors to reduce stress.

The biopsychosocialspiritual model considers biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors in health.

Preventive health behaviors aim to prevent the onset of illnesses before they occur.

The transtheoretical model acknowledges that behavior change is a dynamic process involving stages of change.

Health disparities may be influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and gender.

Perceived behavioral control in the Theory of Planned Behavior refers to the ease or difficulty of performing a behavior.

Environmental justice in health psychology addresses the fair distribution of environmental resources and risks.

The cognitive-appraisal model suggests that stress is influenced by the appraisal of stressors and coping resources.

Ecological momentary assessment involves real-time data collection on an individual's behavior and experiences.

The societal perspective in health psychology considers the impact of societal factors on health.

Resilience factors in health psychology include social support, optimism, and effective coping skills.

I-O Psychology focuses on understanding behavior in work and organizational settings.

The Hawthorne Studies focused on the impact of group dynamics on productivity.

Job analysis in I-O Psychology involves examining job tasks and requirements.

Personnel selection involves choosing employees based on qualifications and abilities.

Organizational culture refers to shared values, beliefs, and practices within an organization.

Organizational justice involves perceptions of fairness in various aspects, including salaries, benefits, and policies.

Performance appraisal involves evaluating the job performance of employees.

The "Big Five" personality traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Ergonomics in I-O Psychology focuses on the physical and psychological aspects of the work environment.

Counterproductive work behavior includes actions like theft, absenteeism, and sabotage.

Training needs analysis involves identifying areas where employees require additional training.

Training and development involve helping employees develop the skills needed for their current or future jobs.

Job satisfaction is associated with factors like salary, work environment, and job security.

The Expectancy Theory in I-O Psychology focuses on the relationship between employee motivation and performance.

Recruitment involves attracting a pool of qualified applicants for a job.

Emotional intelligence in the workplace refers to the ability to control emotions and understand others' emotions.

The Theory of Planned Behavior can be applied to understand intention and behavior in the workplace.

Self-efficacy in the workplace refers to belief in one's ability to perform specific tasks.

Job crafting involves modifying and redesigning one's own job for increased satisfaction.

Task performance refers to the execution of core job responsibilities in the workplace.

The Motivation-Hygiene Theory is associated with Frederick Herzberg.

Workplace diversity focuses on celebrating differences in race, gender, and other characteristics.

The zone of proximal development is associated with training and development.

Organizational citizenship behavior involves engaging in actions that go beyond formal job requirements.

The Glass Ceiling phenomenon refers to an invisible barrier limiting women's advancement in the workplace.

Person-organization fit refers to the compatibility between organizational culture and employee values.

Grit in the workplace relates to perseverance and passion for long-term goals.

Social loafing occurs when employees reduce effort in a group setting.

Task identity in job design refers to the extent to which a job requires completing a whole piece of work.

Telecommuting refers to working remotely using communication technology.

The Johari Window explores team dynamics and interpersonal relationships in the workplace.

Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory focuses on the quality of relationships between leaders and followers.

Burnout in the workplace refers to chronic workplace stress leading to emotional exhaustion.

Job crafting involves employees modifying their job tasks to enhance intrinsic motivation.

Locus of Control refers to the belief in the influence of external factors on one's life.

Work-life balance aims at balancing work demands with personal and family responsibilities.

Equity theory explores perceptions of job satisfaction and fairness in the workplace.

Organizational socialization involves training new employees to adapt to the organizational culture.

Succession planning involves identifying high-potential employees for future leadership positions.

Workplace incivility includes rude or disrespectful actions toward colleagues.

Job satisfaction surveys are tools used to assess employees' contentment with their jobs.

Job autonomy refers to the extent to which employees have control over their work.

Workplace bullying involves repeated mistreatment or abusive behavior in the workplace.

Role conflict occurs when employees experience conflicting demands from different roles.

The Psychological Contract refers to the unwritten expectations and obligations between employees and employers.

Self-determination theory in the workplace emphasizes the importance of intrinsic motivation and autonomy.

Turnover intention refers to the desire of employees to leave the organization.

Transactional leadership is characterized by contingent rewards and punishments.

Counterproductive work behavior includes actions like procrastination and absenteeism.

Workplace discrimination involves treating employees unfairly based on personal characteristics such as race or gender.

Job embeddedness refers to the extent to which employees feel connected to their jobs and communities.

Organizational commitment involves commitment to the organization and its goals.

Goal-setting theory suggests that specific and challenging goals lead to higher performance.

Job rotation involves regularly moving employees to different job roles.

Person-job fit refers to the compatibility between job demands and employee skills.

Transformational leadership is characterized by inspiring and motivating followers toward a shared vision.

Employee engagement is characterized by high levels of energy, enthusiasm, and commitment to work.

Feedback in the workplace is essential for improving performance and fostering employee development.

Job enlargement involves increasing the scope and variety of tasks within a job.

Psychological safety in the workplace refers to creating a risk-free environment for employees to express ideas and take risks.