Abnormal behavior is often defined by deviance from cultural norms.

The DSM-5 is a classification system for psychological disorders.

Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders.

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences.

A specific and irrational fear is characteristic of a specific phobia.

Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more psychological disorders in an individual.

Schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in perception, thought, and behavior.

The diathesis-stress model suggests that disorders result from the interaction of biological and environmental factors.

Major depressive disorder is characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest or pleasure.

The intense fear and avoidance of situations characterize agoraphobia.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves persistent obsessions and compulsions.

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly known as multiple personality disorder.

Panic disorder is characterized by sudden and uncontrollable attacks of intense fear.

The cognitive-behavioral perspective emphasizes thought patterns and behaviors in psychological disorders.

Social anxiety disorder involves an intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations.

Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania.

The medical model suggests treating psychological disorders as biological illnesses.

Serotonin is often implicated in mood disorders like depression.

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others.

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by persistent patterns of disregard for others' rights.

The biopsychosocial model suggests that disorders result from the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Narcissistic personality disorder involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a constant need for attention.

The humanistic perspective emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves recurrent, intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by unstable relationships and self-image.

Bipolar disorder involves extreme mood swings, including depression and mania.

Hypersomnia is not a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Neurodevelopmental disorders include conditions like autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Systematic desensitization involves exposing individuals to their feared objects or situations in a controlled manner.

Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by repetitive, stereotyped movements or speech patterns and a resistance to change.

Specific phobia involves a persistent and unrealistic fear of a specific object or situation, leading to avoidance.

Histrionic personality disorder involves excessive attention-seeking, dramatic behavior, and intense emotions.

Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and emotional coldness.

Cognitive therapy focuses on changing irrational thoughts and beliefs to alleviate emotional distress.

Hoarding disorder involves persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their actual value.

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect.

The presence of both manic and depressive episodes indicates Bipolar I disorder.

Anosognosia refers to a lack of awareness or insight into one's own mental condition.

Antisocial personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, often involving criminal behavior.

Psychoanalysis encourages individuals to explore and gain insight into unconscious conflicts.

Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by a fear of rejection and avoidance of social interactions.

Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking are characteristic of schizophrenia.

Generalized anxiety disorder involves chronic worry and excessive anxiety about various aspects of life.

Narcissistic personality disorder involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy involves identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors to promote well-being.

Compulsive behaviors in OCD are often performed to reduce anxiety and distress.

Existential therapy emphasizes personal responsibility and the power of choice in creating a meaningful life.

Anorexia nervosa involves a persistent and irrational fear of gaining weight, leading to restricted food intake.

Behavioral therapy focuses on changing maladaptive behaviors through reinforcement and punishment.

Avoidant personality disorder involves social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves recurrent intrusive memories, nightmares, and avoidance of reminders after a traumatic event.

Systematic desensitization involves exposing individuals to their feared objects or situations in a controlled and gradual manner.

Borderline personality disorder involves difficulties with emotion regulation, impulsivity, and unstable interpersonal relationships.

Body dysmorphic disorder involves a preoccupation with one's appearance and a belief in defects or flaws.

Paranoid personality disorder involves being distrustful and suspicious of others.

Cognitive therapy involves identifying and challenging distorted thought patterns and beliefs.

Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors.

Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd or eccentric behavior and difficulty forming close relationships.

Generalized anxiety disorder involves excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events or activities.

Interpersonal therapy focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and communication patterns.