Cognitive psychology is concerned with mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

Chunking involves grouping information into meaningful chunks to enhance memory.

Jean Piaget is known for his influential theory of cognitive development in children.

Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

Miller proposed that the capacity of short-term memory is around 7 items, plus or minus 2.

Acquisition is the initial learning phase in classical conditioning.

Schemas are organized knowledge structures that help individuals interpret and understand the world.

The primacy effect refers to better recall of items at the beginning of a list.

Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, recognizing various forms of intelligence.

Acetylcholine plays a crucial role in learning and memory in the brain.

The representativeness heuristic involves judging based on how similar something is to a prototype.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the "Little Albert" experiment.

Forgetting refers to the inability to recall previously stored information.

Spearman's g theory suggests a general factor underlying cognitive abilities.

Leon Festinger introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance in psychology.

The self-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

The central conflict in adolescence is identity vs. role confusion.

Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment, illustrating observational learning.

Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Alan Baddeley is known for his research on working memory, a system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information.

Deep processing, which involves meaningful analysis, leads to better long-term memory.

Serotonin is associated with mood regulation and is implicated in depression.

Confirmation bias involves focusing on information that confirms existing beliefs.

B.F. Skinner is known for the theory of operant conditioning.

The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon is a type of retrieval failure.

The stage of industry vs. inferiority focuses on developing a sense of competence.

Retrieval is the process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.

Formal operational stage is when abstract and logical thinking develops, according to Piaget.

The Stanford prison experiment was conducted by Philip Zimbardo.

The recency effect refers to better recall of the most recent items in a list.

Confirmation bias involves perceiving and attending to information that supports existing beliefs.

Paul Baltes proposed the idea of cognitive development in adulthood, emphasizing lifelong growth.

The cocktail party effect is the ability to focus on relevant information in a noisy environment.

System 1 is fast, automatic, and operates with little conscious effort, according to the dual-process model.

Edward Tolman introduced the concept of latent learning, highlighting learning without immediate reinforcement.

Metacognition involves thinking about one's own thinking processes and cognitive abilities.

Dopamine is associated with reward, pleasure, addiction, and motivation in the brain.

Sensory memory is responsible for transforming sensory input into a form for processing by the brain.

Cognitive restructuring is commonly used in cognitive-behavioral therapy to change negative thought patterns.

Flashbulb memory is the phenomenon of remembering emotionally charged or significant events.

Egocentrism is a key feature of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Storage is the mental process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Semantic processing, focusing on the meaning, involves the deepest level of processing.

Elizabeth Loftus is known for her research on eyewitness testimony and the misinformation effect.

Robert Sternberg proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence, emphasizing analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Short-term memory has a limited capacity and holds information for a brief duration.

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal factors and personal enjoyment rather than external rewards.

Lev Vygotsky introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development in cognitive development.

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information.

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotional experiences result from physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Ivan Pavlov is known for the concept of classical conditioning, demonstrated with dogs and salivation.

Spatial cognition involves forming a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.

The central executive is responsible for controlling attention and coordinating information in the information processing model.

Object permanence is the realization that objects continue to exist even when not directly perceived, according to Piaget.

Retrieval is the process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.

Sigmund Freud conducted the "Little Hans" case study, exploring the development of phobias in children.

The central route to persuasion involves careful consideration of the message content and logic.

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a conflict between beliefs and actions, leading to discomfort.

The primary conflict of "intimacy vs. isolation" occurs during young adulthood, according to Erik Erikson.

The serial position effect involves remembering information presented at the beginning and end of a list more easily.