Solar radiation from the Sun is the primary source of energy for the Earth's climate system.

The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to Earth's greenhouse effect.

Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles.

Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma.

The collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates forms the Himalayan Mountains at a convergent plate boundary.

Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates.

The inner core, composed of iron and nickel, generates Earth's magnetic field.

Condensation is the process of water vapor changing to liquid water.

Wind is the main driver of surface ocean currents.

The mesosphere is where meteors burn up upon entry into the Earth's atmosphere.

Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plants into the atmosphere.

Cumulonimbus clouds are associated with thunderstorms and severe weather.

Solar radiation is the primary source of energy for weather systems and atmospheric circulation.

Infiltration is the process by which water soaks into the ground and becomes groundwater.

Precipitation is the process by which water returns to the Earth's surface from the atmosphere.

The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful UV radiation.

Transform boundaries involve the sliding or rubbing motion between two tectonic plates.

Methane is a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide but less abundant.

Lithification is the process by which sediments are compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks.

An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by tectonic plate movement.

Transpiration is the release of water vapor from the surface of leaves into the atmosphere.

Soil is the layer of loose, unconsolidated material covering the Earth's surface.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms.

Folded mountains are formed by the folding and uplift of rock layers along plate boundaries.

Metamorphism is the process by which rocks change form or structure due to heat, pressure, or mineral composition changes.

A crater is a bowl-shaped depression in the Earth's surface often caused by the impact of a meteorite.

The mantle's convection currents drive plate tectonics.

Evaporation is the process by which water from the surface enters the atmosphere as water vapor.

Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles.

Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes and non-explosive eruptions with basaltic lava flows.

Tsunamis are large oceanic waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

The troposphere contains the ozone layer and is where most weather phenomena occur.

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

While water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is often considered the primary anthropogenic contributor.

Sulfur is a major component of Earth's core along with iron and nickel.

Deposition is the process by which rocks are transported and deposited by various agents.

The thermosphere contains the ionosphere and is where auroras occur.

A caldera is a large, circular depression formed by the collapse of an underground cave or magma chamber.

Abrasion is the process where waves cut into rock, forming a notch along the shoreline.

Sublimation is the process by which ice changes directly into water vapor without melting.

The thermosphere experiences high temperatures due to the absorption of solar radiation.

Convection is the movement of air from areas of high pressure to low pressure, creating wind.

Cirrus clouds are thin and wispy, found at high altitudes and composed of ice crystals.

Dissolution is the process by which rocks are dissolved by acidic water.

Condensation is the process by which water droplets form on surfaces due to temperature changes.

Deposition is the process by which sediment is dropped or laid down by natural forces.

Deforestation contributes to increased greenhouse gases, intensifying the greenhouse effect.

Fossilization is the process by which sedimentary rocks form from the remains of plants and animals.

Moraine deposition is the process by which a glacier melts and releases sediments, shaping the landscape.

Salinity is a measure of the total amount of dissolved salts in water.

Ocean currents refer to the circular movement of water driven by various factors.

Metamorphic rocks are formed from the alteration of existing rock without melting.

An air mass is a large body of air with relatively uniform temperature and humidity.

The thermosphere is where auroras occur due to the interaction of charged particles with Earth's magnetic field.

An ice sheet is a large, dome-shaped mass of ice that flows outward in all directions, typically found in polar regions.

A canyon is a landform formed by the erosion of sedimentary rock layers, creating steep cliffs and valleys.

Weathering is the process by which rocks are physically broken into smaller pieces without changing their composition.

Stratigraphy involves comparing rock layers to determine their relative ages in geology.

The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's origin.

Cumulonimbus clouds are associated with thunderstorms, featuring a dark, towering structure.

Erosion is the process by which a river wears away the land and carries sediment downstream.

The stratosphere is characterized by decreasing temperature with altitude and contains the ozone layer.

A channel is a long, narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water.

Frost action involves the expansion and contraction of rocks due to temperature changes, breaking rock into smaller fragments.

The abyssopelagic zone is the oceanic zone where light cannot penetrate, and temperatures are low with high pressure.

Wind erosion involves the lifting and transportation of small, loose particles by the wind.

Deposition is the process by which a river deposits sediment as it loses energy, often forming a fan-shaped landform.

Basalt is an igneous rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of lava on the Earth's surface.